輔仁法學第47期

歷史的精采處，在變與不變之間。為何變？如何變？變得又如何？辛亥一役，清廷傾覆，民國肇建；在北洋政府十六年的風風雨雨當中，雖軍閥混戰、百廢待舉，而刑法的修訂卻備受關注，修正案三度易稿。民國16年，國民政府奠都南京，乃摭取北洋時期刑法修正案舊稿，再加研議，第一部《中華民國刑法》於次年9月間問世施行，今俗稱「舊刑法」。
法律規範的背後有制度、制度的背後有思想在影響著。「舊刑法」的歷史際遇相當特殊，它與民元的《暫刑新刑律》有何變化？根深蒂固的倫常條款是否欲拒還留？立法理念與司法實務的運作是否一致？從法律繼受的觀點，它具有何等特質？又何以這部被譽為「兼顧國情及融合刑法新潮流的完備刑法典」，壽命竟祇有短短七年？
凡此，都有其一定的歷史因緣，有它的時代意義。遺憾的是，學界罕有深刻論述，為補闕漏，本文將細說這一段往事。

關鍵字：中華民國刑法、舊刑法、暫行新刑律、欽定大清刑律

The fascination of history lies in-between variation and constancy; as we interpret historical variations, the motivation, the process, and the consequence of changes are three common crucial considerations. After Xinhai Revolution unprecedentedly transformed the imperial China into a republic, the Beiyang Government had altered the Criminal Code Amendment for three times while struggling in the post-conflict situations and the new threat of ambitious warlords. In 1927, the subsequent Nationalist Government in Nanjing took over the amendment and put it into reconsideration. By September 1928, “the Criminal Code of the Republic of China”, a. k. a. “the Old Criminal Code”, came into effect.
Legal provisions always cling to legal systems, while legal systems constantly cling to legal thoughts. Are there any differences between “the Old Criminal Code” and “the Provisional Criminal Code” in 1912? Whether the traditional ethical provisions still existed in the Old Criminal Code? Did the legislative considerations coherently work with the judicial practice? What are the characteristics form the viewpoint of legal reception? Why did the Old Criminal Code which was acclaimed as “a complete criminal code reconciling the Chinese traditions and the prevalent legal thoughts” only last for seven years?
Sadly, the historical karma and significance of the Old Criminal Code has not yet been fully discussed. To fulfill the academic void, this article shall trace the past by details.

Keywords: Criminal Code of the Republic of China, Old Criminal Code, Provisional Criminal Code, New Criminal Code of Qing Dynasty

目次
壹、序說
貳、從《暫行新刑律》到舊刑法的變與不變
一、採擷各國最新立法例
（一）罪刑法定與從新從輕的立法原則
（二）界定故意、過失的涵義
（三）明文限制正當防衛與緊急避難的適用範圍
二、審酌民俗國情及意識形態象徵性入律
三、多元化的犯罪類型
四、量刑的科學化
參、欲拒還留的道德倫常條款
一、關於道德性條款──以通姦罪為例
二、關於倫常性條款──以尊卑相犯為例
肆、從司法實踐管窺舊刑法的實際運作
一、未遂犯的立法規範及其運用
二、共犯的立法規範及其運用
（一）共同正犯與從犯之區別
（二）過失共同正犯
伍、從法律繼受觀點看舊刑法理念的變遷及其歸趨
一、從農業社會意識到工商業社會意識
二、傾向主觀主義的立法與偏重客觀主義的司法實踐
陸、結語

本文由行政法院關於行政程序中人民陳述意見權利範圍的詮釋為出發點，整理分析了我國學理及實務對此一議題之見解。發現司法實務見解傾向認為人民依法申請事件毋庸給予申請人陳述意見權利之必要，係立法者衡量此行政處分性質上之差異，取捨後所作之規定；而學理上對此則多持不同意見，一如我國所繼受之德國法上實務與學理之爭論般。而近年來歐盟法對德國法的影響，無論就歐洲法院的裁判見解，乃至於歐盟基本權利憲章第41條第2項對人民陳述意見權利之保障，皆係強調人民對不利措施作成前有陳述意見之權利，未刻意衡量不利措施在性質上之差異（積極地對人民的自由或既存的權利為限制或剝奪，抑或消極地駁回人民的請求），以彰顯行政程序基本權保障之意義。而回歸我國憲法保障行政程序基本權內涵建構基準的思考，應亦可得出與歐盟法之同一結論。故衡諸人民陳述意見權利作為行政程序基本權的重要性，本文認為只要是「人民依法申請事件」均應保障其陳述意見權利。將行政程序法第102條規定僅限「積極地對人民的自由或既存的權利為限制或剝奪」，而不及於「消極地駁回人民的請求」，實係是一種「劃地自限」的解釋，應不符合憲解釋的要求。

關鍵字：依法申請事件、陳述意見權利、程序基本權、行政程序基本權、歐盟基本權利憲章

Article 102 of Administrative Procedure Act:〝An administrative authority shall, before rendering an administrative disposition to impose restraint on the freedom or right of a person or to deprive him of the same, give the person subject to the disposition an opportunity to state his opinions , unless a notice has been given to the person subject to the disposition under article 39 hereof to enable him to state his opinions or it has been decided that a hearing will be held, except where it is otherwise prescribed by law.〞This article by the national law, EU law（Charter of Fundamental Rights）and German law analysis of the scope of the right of statement of opinions.

Keywords: Application According to Acts, Right to Statement of Opinions, due Process, due Process of Administrative Procedure, Charter of Fundamental Rights

目次
壹、問題意識
貳、人民陳述意見權利範圍之實務見解
一、人民陳述意見權利之範圍不及於否准依法申請事件
二、就否准人民依法申請事件，以行政程序法第103條規定作為毋庸給予人民陳述意見之主要理由
三、由基本權利保障之角度，正面肯定否准人民依法申請事件亦屬行政程序法第102條人民陳述意見權利之範圍
四、小結
參、保障行政程序中人民陳述意見權利之立法意旨與學說見解
一、保障行政程序中人民陳述意見權利之立法意旨
二、國內學說及法務部之實務見解
肆、行政程序基本權的建構與解釋──從德國法的爭論及歐盟法的影響談起
一、德國法的爭論
二、歐盟法的發展與影響
（一）歐盟與人權保障
（二）人民陳述意見權利作為「享有良好行政權利」核心內涵之一
（三）歐盟法對德國法的影響
三、我國法上行政程序基本權的建構與解釋
（一）我國憲法解釋中的行政程序基本權
（二）行政程序法第102條之合憲解釋
伍、結論

中國大陸地區最新修訂完成的《消費者權益保護法》，增加了很多保護消費者的法律制度。本文從經營者的民事責任角度對該法的新內容進行解讀，從修訂後的消保法關於經營者民事責任的一般性規定、經營者的違約責任、經營者的侵權責任以及經營者民事責任承擔的規定等四個方面進行闡釋，展示該法的新制度。其中特別值得注意的新制度是：第一，經營者提供的商品或者服務不符合品質要求的違約責任；第二，對經營者提供格式條款的效力的規定；第三，增加規定遠端銷售商品的消費者的反悔權；第四，增加規定網路交易平臺的附條件的不真正連帶責任；第五，規定經營者侵害消費者個人資訊的侵權責任；第六，規定廣告經營者發佈者的虛假廣告責任；第七，加重懲罰性賠償責任；第八，民事賠償責任的優先權保障。

關鍵字：民事責任、品質違約、格式條款、反悔權、網路交易平臺提供者責任、侵害個人資訊、虛假廣告責任、懲罰性賠償、優先權

The newly revised “Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests” in China mainland has added a lot of legal regimes on consumers’ protection. Basing on the business operators’ civil liability, this essay interprets the new legal regime by explaining the general provisions of business operators’ civil liability, business operators’ liability for breach of contract, business operators’ tort liability and business operators’ bearing civil liability, which shows the new contents of this law. Among these new contents, to which we should pay special attention are below：The first, the liability for quality breach of products or services provided by business operators; the second, the provisions of validity of standard terms provided by business operators; the third, adding the provisions of rights of rescission for consumers on remote sales; the forth, adding the provisions of apparent solidarity liability with additional conditions of the internet trading platform; the fifth, business operators’ tort liability of the infringement on consumers’ private information; the sixth, advertising operators’ and releasers’ liability of false advertisement; the seventh, weighing the liability of punitive damages; the eighth, the guarantee system of the right of priority on civil compensation liability.

Keywords: Civil Liability, Quality Breach, Standard Terms, Rights of Rescission, Liability of Internet Trading Platform Providers, Infringement on Private Information, Liability of False Advertisement, Punitive Damages, Right of Priority

目次
壹、前言
貳、中國大陸修訂後的消保法關於經營者民事責任的一般性規定
一、經營者民事責任的請求權主體
（一）消費者作為請求權主體
（二）農民作為請求權人
（三）其他受害人作為請求權人
二、經營者民事責任的責任主體
（一）關於經營者
（二）企業分立、合併後的責任主體
（三）表見經營者作為責任主體
三、中國大陸修訂後的消保法關於經營者民事責任的其他相關規定
（一）消費者協會起訴消費者保護案件
（二）有關經營者民事責任請求權的舉證責任倒置
參、中國大陸修訂後的消保法規定的經營者違約責任
一、提供商品或者服務不符合品質標準的解除合同責任
（一）提供商品或者服務的品質違約依法或者依約承擔責任
（二）沒有法律規定和合同約定的違約責任承擔
（三）經營者提供商品或者服務品質違約應當承擔必要費用
二、對經營者提供格式條款的效力作出具體規定
三、增加規定遠程銷售商品的消費者反悔權
（一）確認反悔權制度
（二）規定反悔權的規則
（三）反悔權適用範圍
（四）不適用反悔權的商品
（五）第25條與第24條規定的七日退貨的區別
四、繼續堅持展銷會、租賃櫃檯的不真正連帶責任
五、增加網路交易平臺的附條件的不真正連帶責任
（一）銷售者或者服務者與網路交易平臺提供者的不真正連帶責任
（二）網路交易平臺提供者的連帶責任
六、繼續堅持預付款責任
肆、中國大陸修訂後的消保法規定經營者的侵權責任
一、經營者侵害消費者個人資訊的侵權責任
二、經營者應當承擔的召回義務
三、經營者應當承擔的產品責任
四、廣告經營者、發佈者的虛假廣告責任
（一）虛假廣告的經營者與廣告經營者、發佈者的附條件不真正連帶責任
（二）有關消費者生命健康商品或服務的虛假廣告責任
（三）虛假廣告代言的侵權責任
五、經營者的違反安全保障義務侵權責任
伍、中國大陸修訂後的消保法關於經營者民事責任承擔的規定
一、關於人身損害賠償責任的規定
二、關於侵害人格尊嚴、人身自由或者個人資訊的責任
（一）糾正了消保法原第43條的表述錯誤
（二）規定了侵害個人資訊的民事責任
三、關於精神損害賠償責任的規定
四、關於財產損害的責任承擔方式
五、加重懲罰性賠償責任
（一）產品欺詐和服務欺詐的違約懲罰性賠償增加為三倍
（二）違約懲罰性賠償的最低賠償數額為500元
（三）惡意致人死亡或者健康嚴重損害的侵權懲罰性賠償
（四）第1款規定和第2款規定是否可以合併使用
（五）與中國大陸《食品安全法》第96條第2款的關係
六、民事賠償責任的優先權保障

訴訟上和解程序於現今民事訴訟占居重要之地位。2001年德國民事訴訟法之修法者，強調當事人間之紛爭，不論依法院判決或依當事人合意解決之方式，原則上應於第一審訴訟程序即獲實質與終局的解決。其特別強調於民事訴訟第一審程序依當事人合意解決紛爭之重要性。法院應儘早於訴訟前階段即進行訴訟上和解之程序。因此，德國民訴法第278條第2項第1句規定，法院負有於言詞辯論前進行訴訟上和解程序之義務。就此我國民事訴訟法並未規定，實有從使當事人儘早達成訴訟上和解之觀點加以探討之必要。此外，德國民事訴訟法第278條第2項規定，法院於訴訟上和解程序負有自由評價所有之情況與當事人討論該事件爭訟狀況之義務。如此討論義務之重要性及其內容為何，須從法院應積極協助當事人達成和解之觀點加以研討。我國民事訴訟法欠缺法院於訴訟上和解負有討論義務之規定，未來是否有增訂之必要，亦須作更進一步之分析。依德國民訴法第278條第6項之規定，法院得以書面提出和解方案，由兩造當事人同意該和解方案，或由兩造當事人向法院提出和解方案，經由法院裁定確認其成立之方式締結訴訟上和解。本文將深入分析此等和解方案提出彼此間之關聯性何在，應如何使其充分發揮功能。如此兩種提出和解方案之模式，與我國民訴法第377條之1由當事人聲明願由法院定和解方案，或第377條之2因一造當事人難以到場由法院定和解方案之間之差異何在，以何種模式較為妥適亦有作更細部研究之必要。本文之目的在建構一以保護當事人自治權為基礎與強化法院積極協助當事人達成訴訟上和解之程序。

關鍵字：訴訟上和解、必要性和解程序、法院之討論義務、和解方案、訴訟外調解程序之建議

The Settlement Procedure plays an important role in the current civil procedure. The reformer of German Code of Civil Procedure in 2001 emphasized that the parties’ disputes should be comprehensively and rapidly resolved by the judgment or settlement at first instance. It accented especially the importance of settlement at first instance. The court must hold the settlement procedure at the early stage. Article 278（2）of German Code of Civil Procedure regulates that the court must hold the settlement procedure before the trail. Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure be lack of similar provision. It is necessary to make further research, whether this provision should be introduced into Taiwan Civil Procedure. Article 278（2）of German Code of Civil Procedure regulates that the court has obligation to discuss the stand of the dispute with the parties under the evaluation of all circumstances. The importance and content of this obligation of discussion should be analyzed in the light of the assistance of the court to make the parties reach the settlement on their dispute. It is necessary to make further study, whether the similar provision should be added into Taiwan Civil Procedure . Under the Article 278 （6）of German Code of Civil Procedure, the court may offer the settlement proposal to the parties and they can accept this proposal or the parties can notify the court of the consensus settlement proposal and the court decides ob the settlement is effective. The essay will discuss the relation between the settlement proposal offered by court and the party and the difference between the above two types of settlement proposal and the settlement proposal offered by court under Article 377-1 and 377-2. It is necessary to make further analysis, which model is appropriate for the settlement procedure . The aim of the essay is to establish a comprehensive settlement procedure on the basis of autonomy of parties and enhancement of the active role of court .

Keywords: Settlement, Autonomy of Parties, Obligation of Discussion, Settlement Proposal, Obligatory Settlement Procedure

目次
壹、前言
貳、訴訟上和解程序之重要性、功能與性質
一、訴訟上和解程序之重要性
二、訴訟上和解程序之功能
三、訴訟上和解程序之性質
參、法院進行訴訟上和解程序之義務
一、法院於訴訟各階段注意進行訴訟上和解程序之義務
二、法院於言詞辯論前進行訴訟上和解程序之義務──必要性和解程序之進行
（一）必要性和解程序之意涵
（二）必要性和解程序進行之時點
（三）必要性和解程序進行之例外
肆、促使當事人達成訴訟上和解或依其他方式解決紛爭之措施
一、法院之討論義務
二、命當事人本人到場
三、和解方案之提出
四、訴訟外調解程序或其他法院外紛爭解決程序之建議
伍、結論

人在退休前，變成失能的機率是較死亡的高上數倍，但是對於失能風險並未完全瞭解，導致採取相關之保障措施之行為亦不如其他人身風險。失能保險在發展的過程中，因為較其他人身保險更具技術性、損失率受到社會經濟情況的影響及較高的逆選擇與道德危險等主觀性，使得其市占率一直不如其他人身保險，此亦使得失能風險受到較少的關注。雖然，在大部分的社會福利國家，於社會保險中多有提供失能之相關保障，然而，隨著政府財政狀況的惡化等因素，社會保險所提供的失能保障並無法切合失能者之實際需求，此時商業保險之機制即顯重要。依研究資料顯示，台灣勞動人口致生殘廢之比例日漸提高，社會保險之給付亦在往下調整，故有賴商業失能保險之發展以填補不足之部分。本文介紹、分析失能保險在美國的發展及其相關之爭議問題，對我國目前失能保險之發展提出相關建議，希冀作為有關單位日後建構失能保險體系之參考，以使得我國失能保障制度能更趨健全。

關鍵字：失能保險、永久完全失能、職業失能、法定失能、醫療照顧與治療、居家或室內限制、主觀性

Although the probability of suffering a disability is significantly greater than dying before retirement, the risk of becoming disabled is often poorly understood by the public. This leads to that the public do not well transfer the risk of disability and adopt the appropriate protections. Disability insurance is more technic than other life insurance, loss ratio of the former is affected by the social and economic situation, the higher subjectivity including adverse selection and moral hazard in the process of development, and market share is not wide-spreading as other life insurance, the above reasons lead to that the public pay less attention to the risk of disability. Although the social insurance provides coverage to disability in most social welfare states, the benefits of social insurance do not fit in with the need of the disabled as government finance is getting worse and so on, the commercial insurance plays an important role to supplement the differences. The percentage of disabled labor force is increasing annually in Taiwan, meanwhile the benefits of social insurance is going down, which means the difference should be supplemented by the disability insurance from commercial market. The author introduces and analyzes the development and related issues about disability insurance in the United States and indicates some suggestions to its development in Taiwan. The author hopes that in the future when the authorities establish the system and deal with the similar issues, the contents of this paper could be adopted as one of the reference resources so as to improve the disability insurance system.

Keywords: Disability Insurance, Permanent and Total Disability, Occupational Disability, Legal Disability, Medical Care and Attention, House or Indoors Confinement, Subjectivity

目次
壹、前言
貳、美國失能保障制度之發展
一、失能之定義與發展沿革
（一）定義
（二）失能保險發展沿革
二、失能之分類
（一）依失能範圍
（二）依失能時間
（三）依失能程度
（四）依失能原因
三、失能保險之種類
（一）依保險利益
（二）依被保險人數量
（三）依給付期間
（四）依經營目的
四、失能保險之給付
（一）失能收入損失
（二）保險費豁免
（三）復健費用
參、美國失能保險常見之爭議問題分析
一、醫療照顧與治療
二、居家或室內療養
三、失能具繼續性
（一）原則
（二）復發失能與同時發生多重失能
四、疾病或傷害之必要性
肆、我國現況分析與建議
一、我國現況
二、建議
（一）設計保障失能風險的專屬保險或條款
（二）失能保險主觀危險之管制
伍、結論