輔仁法學第54期

我國近期最重要之能源法發展，莫過於立法院於今年（2017 年）1 月11 日完成電業法之修正程序，並於同月26 日移送總統公布施行。然而，自修法前到該法公布開始施行後，各界對其規範內容仍多有質疑並引發激烈之爭論，其中焦點之一，乃係關於電業管制機關之定位、組織及職掌事項等問題。多數意見認為未以獨立機關之組織形式形構電業管制機關，將導致其欠缺執行電業管制事務所必要之專業性與獨立性，恐有礙於該法所欲達成之電力市場自由化目的。本文探討之重點，除說明歐盟及德國電業管制機關法制之發展歷程及現況，以作為比較外，亦將由我國現行憲法及行政法中關於行政組織之相關法律規定及原理原則，乃至於釋憲實務之見解出發，探究在新版電業法之規範脈絡下，電業管制機關是否有採獨立機關組織形式之必要，同時探究該法中電業管制機關相關規定之妥適性，最後再嘗試提出本文之建議。

關鍵詞：電業法、電業管制機關、獨立機關、行政組織、民主正當性、制度性法律保留、德國聯邦網路署

No other recent progress of national energy laws is more important than the one that the Legislative Yuan completed proceeding to amend the Electricity Act (hereinafter referred to as the “Act”) on January 11, 2017 and then transferred it to the President for promulgation and implementation on the 26th of the same month. However, during the period from the time prior to such amendment to the time after implementation upon promulgation of the Act, all sectors have still been querying the regulations thereof and fierce controversy has been provoked; one focus of which is the issue about the position, organization and function of the electricity industry regulatory authority. In the opinions of the majority, it will result in a lack of professionalization and independence necessary for the execution of regulatory affairs of the electricity industry and will be supposedly an obstacle to the goal of liberalization of the electricity market which the Act is intended to achieve that the electricity industry regulatory authority is not organized in the form of an independent authority. As the key points discussed in this thesis, in addition to the comparison made by illustrating the development history and current situation of the legal system of electricity industry regulatory authority in European Union and Germany, it also discusses whether it is necessary to organize the electricity industry regulatory authority in the form of anindependent authority under the regulations of the new version Act. The propriety of the provisions in the Act relevant to the electricity industry regulatory authority is simultaneously discussed with the start from relevant legal provisions and principles about the administrative organization in the currently effective Constitution and administrative laws, and opinions on the practice of the interpretation of the Constitution. At the end of this thesis, the writer proposes suggestions.

Keywords: Electricity Act, Electricity Industry Regulatory Authority, Independent Authority, Administrative Organization, Democratic Legitimacy, the Bundesnetzagentur

壹、前言
貳、電業法修法過程概述
一、新版電業法規範內容概述
二、電業管制機關規定概述
三、修法過程中關於電業管制機關之爭論
（一）公聽會與會學者專家之觀點
（二）經濟委員會黨團協商階段
（三）臨時會黨團協商階段
參、歐盟及德國電業管制機關之法制
一、歐盟電力內部市場指令之規定
（一）1996 年歐盟電力內部市場指令
（二）2003 年歐盟電力內部市場指令
（三）2009 年歐盟電力內部市場指令
（四）小結
二、德國能源經濟法關於電業管制機關之規定
（一）概論
（二）聯邦網路署之管轄權規定
（三）聯邦網路署組織規定概述
（四）流程性及構造性組織觀點下之聯邦網路署組
織結構
（五）聯邦網路署之獨立性
（六）聯邦網路署之指令拘束性問題
（七）小結
肆、新版電業法關於電業管制機關規定之評析
一、中央主管機關指定電業管制機關之爭議
（一）行政組織權之理論觀點
（二）本文見解
二、電業管制機關與各審議會之組織與職權分際
三、電業管制機關應採獨立機關之組織形式？
（一）民主正當性之觀點
（二）釋字第613 號解釋之觀點
（三）本文見解
伍、代結論：現階段仿效訴願審議委員會形構電業管制機關

法國民事訴訟法典第582 條以下有關第三人撤銷訴訟的規定，不僅在比較法制中一向堪稱為法國民事程序法中重要之特色，同時亦在近年我國民事訴訟學理與實務界，引發多方矚目。原因無他，乃在於我國民事訴訟法第507 條之1 之規定，在若干論述中被認為與法國第三人撤銷訴訟有一定程度之相似性，並足以使得裁判之既判力在一定範圍之內受到限縮。然則，這一制度從引入我國法制以來，其制度目的以及必要性等面向上，一直存在著諸多爭議，而國內相關文獻又多半由德、日等國文獻探究介紹此一法國制度，似乎不易解釋這個在法國法上綿延發展長達二百年的制度，究竟有何等實用價值。本文乃以法國民事法院之判決出發，整理學說及實務發展之歷程，特別著重在論理上引起諸多討論的撤銷客體以及訴訟利益問題。並在文末特別附錄法國最新版本之民事訴訟法典相關規定譯文，希望能提供國內學者討論相關問題時的參考基礎。

關鍵詞：第三人撤銷訴訟、既判力、民事訴訟、法國法、訴之利益、當事人適格、防禦權

The Third-Person Opposition proceeding based on the article 582 and unders of french civil procedure code, has been given an important character in the system of french civil process from the vue of comparative law. Indeed, this kind of litigation has also been disscuted in our civil procedures system. The reason of such a discussion comes from the instaullation of article 507-1 and unders of ROC Civil Procedure Code. Thus, since the introduction of Third-Person Opposition in Taiwanʼs legal system, its purpose and necessity of such a system, has been a lot of controversy in the practice of Taiwanaese civil procedure law. Since most elements of civil procedure has been influenced by but th system of Germany’s and Japan’s civile procedures, it seems somewhat difficult to explain how the french-style element can be used in our civil system. And the frence Third-Opposition Proceeding itself, up to two hundred years of system development , how and what’s the practical value can be learned by our juristes? This paper denominated in French civil court judgment of departure, finishing the course theory and practice of development, with particular emphasis on the object causing the problem and the interests of revocation proceedings much discussion in the reasoning. Appendix a part of Code of Civil Procedure from french law, and in particular the French translation of the relevant provisions of the latest version of the text at the end, hoping to provide a reference basis for Taiwanese scholars to discuss issues related to the time.

Keywords: The Thire-party Opposition, Res Judicata, Civil Litigation, French Law, Interest of Litigation, Quality of Party, Rights of Defense

壹、緒論：問題之提出
貳、法國第三人撤銷訴訟之制度形成
一、概說：基本定義及制度簡史
二、第三人撤銷訴訟之制度目的或正當性基礎
（一）本於既判力相對性理論對於第三人撤銷訴訟制度必要性的質疑
（二）對於既判力相對性理論的答辯
三、小結：第三人撤銷訴訟正當性基礎的變化
參、第三人撤銷訴訟之要件
一、概說
二、容許提起第三人撤銷訴訟之案件
（一）訴訟事件
（二）非訟事件
三、不容許提起第三人撤銷訴訟之案件
（一）高度屬人性之事件
（二）法律審法院之終局判決
（三）司法管理措施
（四）具有司法契約屬性之法院行為
四、小結
肆、第三人撤銷訴訟之當事人適格與訴訟利益
一、概說
二、適格之「第三人」概念
（一）非當事人之第三人
（二）未被代表之第三人
（三）代表關係之變遷：所謂「利益共同體」
三、第三人撤銷訴訟之訴訟利益
四、小結
伍、從法國民事第三人撤銷訴訟觀察我國法制
一、概說：法國第三人撤銷訴訟與我國現制，並非相同
二、法國第三人撤銷訴訟，打擊範圍甚廣
三、法國第三人撤銷訴訟的正當化基礎，在於程序防禦權之擴張
四、若干在我國法制中可以借鏡的功能
（一）詐害訴訟與訴訟權利濫用的救濟可能性
（二）集體性利益中的代理成本問題
五、小結
陸、結論
附錄：法國民事訴訟法第582條至592條譯文

職業運動為社會發展下之產物，故如同其他社會活動般，於運動員、球團及運動組織等當事人間亦會發生紛爭。由於職業運動具有特殊性，其紛爭之解決講求快速，否則當事人之權益可能因程序進行之冗長及時間之延宕而受到損害，故著重時間效益之替代性紛爭解決機制，尤其是仲裁即成為職業運動紛爭解決較佳之選擇。美國眾多的職業運動中，各項制度最為完善乃美式足球、棒球、籃球及冰球等號稱四大（Big Four）的職業運動聯盟。四大職業運動聯盟在與球員工會間所成立之勞資團體協約中，即有就運動員個別紛爭解決機制之約定，此等紛爭解決制度使得聯盟、球團與球員間產生的大部分衝突，均能循此處理。故，其具相當的成效，對於欲建立相關制度之運動組織，具有可參考性。我國社會目前已有多項職業運動，第一個建立的職業運動聯盟為中華職業棒球大聯盟，其發展已達二十七年。雖然我國職業運動聯盟於其內部規章亦有相關的紛爭解決機制之規定，但由於具有多項缺失，致使無法發揮適當之紛爭解決效能。本文以美國四大職業運動之紛爭解決制度為立論重心，介紹其制度之特色、內涵與最新發展。最後，作者將剖析我國現在相關法令及職業運動紛爭解決制度之現況與缺失，參酌美國制度提出相關建議，期能成為我國職業運動紛爭解決制度改革之參考。

關鍵詞：職業運動、四大職業運動、個別紛爭、紛爭解決、仲裁、申訴仲裁、薪資仲裁、受傷仲裁

Professional sports are the outcomes of the development in human society and as other social fields, there are some disputes between the sports participants including athletes, teams and sports associations. Due to the differences with the ordinary social activities, the disputes arose from the professional sports are required to be resolved efficiently or the rights of participators might be jeopardized in the time-consuming course of dispute resolution. Hence, the Alternative Dispute Resolution is regarded as an effective method to resolve disputes in the professional sports industry especially arbitration. There are many professional leagues in the United States and the most well-known is Big Four including professional football, professional baseball, professional basketball and professional hockey. The collective bargaining agreements between professional leagues and player associations in Big Four contain the terms and provisions of athlete’s individual dispute resolution procedures, which resolve most conflicts between leagues, teams and players efficiently. Due to remarkable effects, the systems of dispute resolution could be referred as pattern for the sports organizations which will set up the related system. There are some professional sports leagues in Taiwan, and one of the most leading is Chinese Professional Baseball League, which has been 27 years since it was founded as first one. Although there are related clauses in the bylaw of the professional sports league to set up the dispute resolution system, but it is not as effective as expected resulting from the defects in the system. This paper mainly focuses on the dispute resolution systems in Big Four and introduces their characteristics, contents and the latest developments in the collective bargaining agreements. In conclusion, the author will analyze the related regulations and current status and flaws of the dispute resolution systems in Taiwan’s professional leagues and present the suggestions to reform based on the related systems in the United States.

Keywords: Professional Sports, Big Four, Individual Dispute, Dispute Resolution, Arbitration, Grievance Arbitration, Salary Arbitration and Injury Arbitration

壹、前言
貳、職業運動員工作之特性與紛爭類型
一、職業運動員工作之特性
二、職業運動員涉及紛爭之類型
三、小結
參、美國四大職業運動之個別紛爭解決制度
一、美國職業棒球MLB之仲裁制度
（一）可仲裁之紛爭
（二）申訴仲裁
（三）薪資仲裁
二、美國職業籃球NBA之仲裁制度
（一）可仲裁之紛爭
（二）申訴仲裁
三、國家美式足球NFL之仲裁制度
（一）可仲裁之紛爭
（二）非受傷之申訴仲裁
（三）受傷之申訴仲裁
四、國家冰球NHL之仲裁制度
（一）可仲裁之紛爭
（二）冰上行為紀律性紛爭仲裁
（三）申訴仲裁
（四）薪資仲裁
五、法院對職業運動仲裁之事後審查
肆、我國現況與建議
一、我國現況
（一）我國法院之見解
（二）中華職棒大聯盟之仲裁制度及缺失
二、建議
（一）建立具雙方信賴之仲裁機制
（二）由符合法令規定之組織進行仲裁
（三）區分不同紛爭適用不同仲裁程序
伍、結論
附錄：美國四大運動仲裁系統簡表

2008 年全球金融危機顯示，歐盟針對影子銀行之規範存有缺失。影子銀行雖然對歐洲經濟融資扮演一重要角色，然而其活動大皆不受傳統銀行監理之規範；如果經營不當，對金融體系有帶來系統風險之疑慮。影子銀行規範不足，也可能誘發銀行競相從事影子銀行活動，產生「監理套利」之問題。歐盟自2008 年以來的金融改革，針對影子銀行已加強規範，以避免監理套利及系統風險，增加存款人信心並維持金融穩定。本文採法律研究方法，研析歐盟影子銀行下列重要議題：影子銀行的概念、活動、操作及發展、在歐洲金融體系之角色及潛在風險、監理套利、歐盟法律架構、另類投資基金經理（AIFM）、AIFM 指令之法理及原則等項目。本文並論述歐盟影子銀行規範的意涵及對我國金融改革之啟示。
關鍵詞：另類投資基金經理（AIFM）、另類投資基金經理指令、歐盟、影子銀行、系統風險

The 2008 global financial crisis brought to light many shortcomings in EU regulation of the shadow banking sector. The shadow banking plays an important role in financing the EU economy, yet its operation outside of traditional banking supervision raises concerns over the risks it poses to the financial system. There is also a particular need to prevent the shadow banking system from being used for regulatory arbitrage.
Since 2008, the EU has undertaken a reform of the shadow banking system. The aim is to ensure that the potential regulatory arbitrage and systemic risks of the shadow banking are regulated so as to increase public confidence and financial stability. Based on a legal-study approach, this paper examines the following key issues relating to the EU shadow banking: the concept of the shadow banking; its activities, operation, and development; its role and potential risks for the EU financial system, the EU regulatory framework, Alternative Investment Fund Manager (AIFM), jurisprudence and principles of the AIFM Directive, etc. This paper also discusses the significance of EU law for the shadow banking and its implications for future banking supervisory reforms in Taiwan.

Keywords: AIFM, AIFMD, EU, Shadow Banking, Systemic Risk

壹、前言
貳、歐盟影子銀行的規範架構
參、歐盟另類投資基金經理指令
肆、歐盟建制對我國的啟示
伍、結論