輔仁法學第40期

脫逃罪保護的法益在廣義上與藏匿人犯罪、湮滅刑事證據罪、偽證罪及誣告罪皆為保護國家司法權之行使，在國家司法權之行使的意義下，脫逃罪章一方面在確保刑罰的執行，實現刑法制定之目的；另一方面保障國家對人犯的監督。自行脫逃罪之適格主體為依法逮捕之人與依法拘禁之人，前者是司法機關為了偵查犯罪短暫拘束他人身體自由，且尚未收禁於一定處所前之人；後者係指身體自遭受合法的拘束而收禁於一定處所之人，二者且以現受公權力拘束為前提。本罪之行為態樣是自行脫逃、損壞拘禁處所械具或以強暴脅迫自行脫逃，以及聚眾以強暴脅迫自行脫逃。惟本罪基於人性考量與無期待可能性，在刑事政策上應予以除罪化。又現行法對於幫助的便利脫逃行為與教唆他人脫逃行為之刑責顯然不合理，而有修法之必要。

關鍵字：脫逃、自行脫逃、強暴、脅迫、聚眾

Generally speaking, protection of legal-good of offenses of escape, as well as offenses of concealment of offenders, offenses of destruction of criminal evidence, offenses of perjury, and offenses of malicious accusation, ensure the exercise of national judicial right. Under the exercise of national judicial right, offenses of escape ensure the enforcement of criminal punishment and implement the goal of criminal legislation. Moreover, offenses of escape also ensure national supervision of prisoners. The appropriate subject of offenses of escape is the one arrested and detained in the name of law. The former is the one whose personal liberty is temporarily confined but not limited to a specified location due to investigation of the judicial organ. The latter is the one whose personal liberty is legally confined to a specified location. Both of them should be under the premise of the current restriction of public authority. The behavioral Patterns of offenses of escape include voluntary escape by destructing shackles in a detention facility, escape on one’s own by the means of violence and force, or by group violence and force. However, based on humanitarian consideration and no possibility of expectation, offenses of escape should be decriminalized. Furthermore, under the current law, the criminal liability of act of facilitating escape and abetting escape is not optimal. Therefore, amendment to the law of offenses of escape is necessary.

Key words: Escape, Voluntary Escape, Violence, Force, Group

目 次
壹、前言
貳、立法理由與保護法益
參、適格之行為主體
一、種類
（一）依法逮捕之人
（二）依法拘禁之人
二、以置於公權力拘束下為前提
（一）逮捕拘禁之法律效力
（二）監督關係之開始與結束
肆、脫逃行為
一、脫逃之意義
二、加重脫逃
（一）行為樣態
（二）與他罪之競合問題
三、聚眾脫逃
伍、現行自行脫逃罪之疑義
一、刑事政策之考量
二、對共犯不合理之處罰
陸、結語

台灣現行民法雖然在外在體系上較接近德國民法，但日本民法及其學說判例對臺灣民法影響之程度，遠遠超出吾人想像。二次大戰結束前，台灣受日本統治，法律人對日本民法熟悉之程度，當不在話下。二次大戰結束後，迄70年代，日本民法法學文獻可說是台灣重要民法教科書作者不可缺的參考素材，德國民法學說發展，乃間接從日本學說轉口到臺灣。70年代後台灣新生代法律人，陸續從德國、法國留學歸國，歐陸，特別是德國民法理論就不再僅僅仰賴日本法學文獻。90年代後，原本是大陸法系擅場的傳統民法領域，更受到英美法系新思維與新方法之衝擊。台灣民法學雖日趨多元化，多彩繽紛，讓人目不暇給，日本民法固然仍以其雄厚的法學根底，繼續影響台灣民法學之發展與立法。然而，無庸諱言，留學日本學習民法者漸減，年輕一輩學者能參考日文民法文獻者，亦大不如前，日本民法學說之影響力似稍有式微之勢。

關鍵字：臺灣私法、學說繼受、判例研究、國際統一法律文件、超國家私法體系之建立

Although the system of Taiwan’s Civil Code is similar to that of German Civil Code, the influences of the Japanese civil law and its doctrine of jurisprudence for the development on our civil law go beyond our imagination. By the end of Second World War, Taiwan was occupied by Japanese Empire. Except the parts of family law and inheritance law, Japanese Civil Code (enacted in 1896) was the effective law in Taiwan. Even after that period, the doctrines of the Japanese scholars were the major reference material for the writers of the textbooks about our civil law. A lot of the developments of German civil law were introduced indirectly from Japan to Taiwan. After the 70s, scholars who have their graduate studies in Europa are able to introduce the newest doctrines of civil law directly from the European countries independent of the Japanese legal literature. After the 90s, Japanese Civil Law continues to affect Taiwan’s development of legal doctrine and legislation. However, the influence from Japan for our developments in the field of civil law seems getting weaker and weaker.

Key words: Taiwanese Private Law; Reception of the Doctrines; Study of the Case Law; International Uniform Law Instruments；Private Law beyond the State

目 次
壹、前言
貳、日治時期的臺灣民法
一、日治時期之前
二、特別統治法制時期（1985-1922年）
三、內地延長主義時期（日治後期）
參、日本民法及學說之繼受
一、日本民法之歐陸法繼受
二、日本對中國民法現代化早期之影響
三、中華民國民法之繼受日本民法
四、臺灣之日本民法學說之繼受
五、日本民法影響之式微
肆、日本債權法改正─東亞契約法新典範

在醫學領域中醫療人員經常會質疑，是否只要按醫療準則所進行的常規診療來對患者做診斷或治療，就不會成立醫療疏失呢？如果說醫療疏失是一種「對專業醫療標準的牴觸」，則所謂的牴觸，是不是只要不按照醫療準則而進行醫療行為就是所謂的牴觸？對醫療準則的不遵守是不是直接就認定成是醫療疏失？因為醫療準則在醫學臨床上的（準）指導地位，使得不管是否依照該準則或不按該準則而施行醫療的行為都將會被拿來與醫療準則相比較，同時這也是判定醫療糾紛中是否成立醫療疏失的重點之一，因而在此有必要研究醫療準則的定位問題。

關鍵字：醫療糾紛、醫療準則、醫療常規、專業醫療標準流程、醫療錯誤

The medical colleges in medical filed frequently questioned about that whether if we do the diagnosis and treatment to the patients according to the medical routines following the medical guidelines, we can avoid the medical lapse ? If medical lapse is “conflict to the professional medical standard procedure”, this “conflict” means the medical behavior not following the medical guideline ? Whether we can say “it is medical lapse” if we do not obey the medical guideline ? On account of the medical guideline’s teaching level in clinical field, all the medical behaviors been performed will be compared with the medical guidelines and will be the critical point in deciding whether it is medical lapse or not. Therefore, it is necessary to study about the location of medical guideline.

Key words: Medical Disputes, Medical Guideline, Medical Routines, Professional Medical Standard Procedure, Medical Fault

目 次
壹、問題說明
貳、醫療準則的意義
參、醫療準則的憑徵機能（Indizfunktion）－禁止反射性認定與證明負擔的逆轉
肆、醫療準則的判斷轉嫁及限定作用
伍、醫療準則與醫學專家鑑定之差異
陸、案例評釋─灣高等法院高雄分院90年上訴字1066號判決
一、案例事實與訴訟過程及結果
二、本文評釋
柒、結語

本研究是針對交通過失或疏失行為，基於可預見性的義務或過失行為造成法益侵害結果的因果關係等問題。這因果關係是基於行為人本身的可預見性，是指在這個社會上一個有理性的人有可能預見而去避免任何風險或危險，換言之，這個〝可預見性〞意味著對於交通事故之結果的發生有客觀的可預見性。有個主要的理由是每一個人都認為駕駛人犯了錯誤。換言之，這個〝可預見性〞是以各種社會客觀的規範去發現社會客觀的事實。當然這是指駕駛人需要負有相當的注意義務，這暗示可能有較多的過失或疏失的行為發生侵害的結果，因為欠缺預見可能性。本文欲從分析交通過失犯的實行行為中，使客觀注意義務成為過失犯的實質要件。在這研究中，客觀的注意義務是基於客觀的可預見性為其界線，到目前為止，針於交通事故所為的司法判決，這樣的研究成果是合適的。

關鍵字：可預見性、過失行為、因果關係的條件、客觀的注意義務、客觀的社會規範

The study of criminal negligence or reckless act against the obligation or break the chain of causation that is based on foreseeability in vehicle accident etc . The chain of causation depends upon its foreseeability. A reasonable person could have foreseen to prevent from any risk or danger in this society. In other words this “foreseeability ” means reasonable foreseeable consequence of vehicle accident. There is main reason is that everyone knows that drivers make mistakes. In other words this “foreseeability ” is from objective social norms to find a objective fact in society. Certainly that drivers whose obligation in criminal law needs to be treated with considerable caution or care of duty in criminal law. The implication would be that grossly negligence or reckless act could break the chain of causation, since that would be unforeseeable. This article will analyze and forcus that objective fundamental criminal negligence or reckless act about the content of substantial caution against the obligation in criminal law. In the research, “objective foreseeability ” is based on the objective obligation of care，we believe that is its limitation. So far we advanced this theory that is fittness for vehicle accident judicial judgment in our society.

Key words: Foreseeability, Negligence Act, the Chain of Causation, the objective Obligation of Care, Objective Social Norms

目 次
壹、前言
貳、過失犯的注意義務
一、注意義務在犯罪階層理論的定位
二、過失犯的結果無價值
三、過失犯的行為規範論
四、交通過失犯的理論變遷
參、結果迴避義務的理論基礎
一、過失犯的結果無價值
二、過失犯的行為無價值
三、我國實務見解
肆、從結果迴避義務論交通過失犯
一、以日本交通事故案例為例
二、案例衍生問題討論
三、小結
伍、結論

民事訴訟法第12條規定之「契約履行地管轄」規定，在比較法上頗為獨特，然而於我國卻較少被討論。本文對此審判籍規定之旨趣意涵，以及我國法在比較法上之特殊性加以考察，並探討我國現行規定之問題點。結果認為，台灣之契約履行地管轄制度，於數方面具比較法上之特殊性，包括：其適用限於當事人合意定有履行地時、被解釋為任一債務之合意履行地之法院可管轄所有因契約所生紛爭、被解釋為適用於包括身分契約及物權契約在內之所有契約。然而，本文於檢討後認為，這些台灣法之特殊性並非均為合理之立法論或法解釋。又從國際民事訴訟法之角度來看，我國之契約履行地管轄規定與諸外國之立法例明顯不同，於判決在國際間之承認、執行及國民涉外法律關係之安定上，可能會造成若干障礙。

關鍵字：契約履行地管轄、契約特別審判籍、以原就被原則、國際裁判管轄、清償地、特徵給付、國際民事訴訟

Article 12 of Taiwanese Civil Procedure Act provides that lawsuits concerning contract can be brought in courts where the contract obligations are to be performed, if the parties have agreements on the places of their performance. This provision has some specialties comparing with similar provisions in Japanese law, German Law, European law, French and Swiss law. This article try to find out how these Taiwanese specialties are formed, also discusses whether they are reasonable. The conclusion is that some are not reasonable, and the author also points out that this Taiwanese special jurisdiction rule might cause difficulties on the issue of recognition of foreign judgments.

Key words: Special Jurisdiction, Contract, Place of Performance, Jurisdiction, Rome I Regulation, Characteristic Performance, International Civil Procedure

目 次
壹、前言
貳、契約特別審判籍規定之旨趣
參、我國民事訴訟法第12條規定之內容
一、限於合意之履行地
二、履行地之默示合意
三、契約有多處履行地時之處理
四、適用範圍
肆、我國法在比較法上之特殊性
一、關於法定履行地之排除
二、關於履行地之認定
三、關於適用範圍
伍、結論